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A side view of the head of a juvenile Nile crocodile.
Mechanics, Not Genetics, Determine Crocodile Head Scale Patterns
The scales on a crocodile’s head develop differently than those on its body. The explanation lies in tissue mechanics.
Mechanics, Not Genetics, Determine Crocodile Head Scale Patterns
Mechanics, Not Genetics, Determine Crocodile Head Scale Patterns

The scales on a crocodile’s head develop differently than those on its body. The explanation lies in tissue mechanics.

The scales on a crocodile’s head develop differently than those on its body. The explanation lies in tissue mechanics.

Developmental Biology

Two male scientists working in a laboratory.
A Matter of Molecular Attraction
Mariella Bodemeier Loayza Careaga, PhD | Sep 16, 2024 | 2 min read
While studying the metabolism of the developing chick embryo, Marià Alemany Lamana’s team acted quickly to avert an error.
Image of an embryo built from Lego bricks showing cell populations in green and red.
Stem Cell-Based Embryo Models Add a Dimension to Developmental Biology
Shelby Bradford, PhD | Sep 13, 2024 | 10+ min read
Studying human embryonic development is complicated for several reasons. Models derived from pluripotent stem cells representing distinct stages offer a path to studying this process.
Embryoid bodies, at the top of the page, are a cluster of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that differentiate portions into ectoderm (orange), mesoderm (dark blue), and endoderm (pink).
Infographic: The Many Paths to Stem Cell-Based Embryo Models
Shelby Bradford, PhD | Sep 13, 2024 | 5 min read
Culturing pluripotent stem cells to replicate different stages of embryonic development allows researchers to more easily investigate this period.
A microscopy image of stem cells
An Ode to Stem Cells
Meenakshi Prabhune, PhD | Sep 13, 2024 | 3 min read
Leveraging the versatility of stem cells allows researchers to advance science across multiple disciplines.
This image shows hexagon shaped cells (mouse airway stem cells) that are outlined in magenta. Within each cell there are tiny dots that represent centrioles, which are colored cyan. 
Introducing a New Version of the Cell Cycle
Maggie Chen | Sep 6, 2024 | 4 min read
Scientists have identified a new variant of the cell cycle that could provide insight into how diseases like cancer occur. 
A microscopy image of a mouse embryo expressing the red fluorescent protein mCherry in the central nervous system.
Dynamic Enhancers Orchestrate Development
Mariella Bodemeier Loayza Careaga, PhD | Sep 2, 2024 | 2 min read
Evgeny Kvon leverages transgenic models and genomic techniques to uncover the ways enhancers control the transcription of genes.
Cartoon image of floating transparent spheres with smaller blue spheres inside them.
Study Reveals a Cell-Eat-Cell World
Aparna Nathan, PhD | Aug 13, 2024 | 3 min read
From normal vertebrate development to tumor cell cannibalism, cell-in-cell events occur in many different contexts across the tree of life.
The image shows a dorsal view of a whole mount embryonic chick mandible (lower jaw).
Unveiling the Secrets of Head and Face Formation  
Mariella Bodemeier Loayza Careaga, PhD | Aug 1, 2024 | 5 min read
Samantha Brugmann illuminates the cellular and molecular factors that contribute to the formation of craniofacial structures. 
Confocal image of a developing embryo with blue-labeled nuclei and orange stained edges.
Unraveling the Complex Mysteries of Embryonic Beginnings
Shelby Bradford, PhD | Jul 4, 2024 | 6 min read
Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz followed the aesthetic allure of the embryo to better understand the start of development.
A mouse stands behind a toy table with two pieces of food on it.
A Protein-Sensing Molecular Switch Alters Facial Features
Shelby Bradford, PhD | Jun 24, 2024 | 3 min read
The mTORC1 signaling pathway senses nutritional information and influences craniofacial development in mice.
A developing embryo with DNA labeled blue, cell boundaries labeled pink, and certain cells fluorescing green.
The First Two Cells in a Human Embryo Contribute Disproportionately to Fetal Development
Shelby Bradford, PhD | May 13, 2024 | 4 min read
A research team showed that, contrary to current models, one early embryonic cell dominates lineages that will become the fetus.
Red cells encased in cyan webbing. 
Fetal Organoids Generated From Human Amniotic Fluid
Danielle Gerhard, PhD | May 3, 2024 | 6 min read
A minimally invasive strategy for creating fetal organoids could facilitate precision medicine in the womb.
An image of cells with the center stained green and some cells stained magenta over a black background.
Growing Milk-Secreting Mammary Organoids
Sneha Khedkar | Mar 29, 2024 | 3 min read
Mammary organoids derived from mouse embryonic stem cells could offer clues into mammary gland developmental origins and help researchers study breast cancer.
Fluorescent microscopy image of an embryo model representing four tissue layers of this developmental stage. Cyan-labeled cells are clustered at the top of an ovoid structure, underneath them are yellow-labeled cells and under them red-labeled cells, and surrounding all three layers are white labeled cells.
The First Human Embryo Model From Embryonic Stem Cells
Shelby Bradford, PhD | Mar 1, 2024 | 2 min read
Jacob Hanna developed a method for replicating embryogenesis outside of the uterus to understand the underlying mechanisms.
One Protein to Rule Them All
Shelby Bradford, PhD | Feb 28, 2024 | 10+ min read
p53 is possibly the most important protein for maintaining cellular function. Losing it is synonymous with cancer.
A mouse embryo in which the head, spine, and limb buds are visible.
Illuminating Craniofacial Development
Hannah Thomasy, PhD | Jan 1, 2024 | 2 min read
Paul Trainor delves into the genetic and environmental factors that shape the head and face.
Infographic showing placenta development
Infographic: Early Placenta Development Sets the Stage
Danielle Gerhard, PhD | Dec 4, 2023 | 2 min read
During early pregnancy, the placenta remodels the uterine environment to support fetal growth
3d rendered medically accurate illustration of a human embryo anatomy
The Ephemeral Life of the Placenta
Danielle Gerhard, PhD | Dec 4, 2023 | 10+ min read
Recent advances in modeling the human placenta, the least understood organ, may inform placental disorders like preeclampsia.
Flat blue line that becomes a pink jagged line and then a flat red line, on a black background.
Emerging from Silence: Capturing the First Heartbeat
Danielle Gerhard, PhD | Sep 27, 2023 | 5 min read
In the developing zebrafish, a noisy and asynchronous activity jumpstarts the heart’s journey to coordinated beating.
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